This page is a builder-focused quick reference. For the full feature-by-feature compatibility matrix and “what’s enhanced” coverage, see the canonical EVM Compatibility page.
Quick Reference
| Area | Ethereum | c8ntinuum |
|---|---|---|
| Block time | ~12 seconds | Expected 4s |
| Finality | Multiple confirmations are common | 1-block finality under standard CometBFT |
| Reorganizations | Possible | Governed by CometBFT BFT consensus |
| Consensus | Proof of Stake (Gasper) | CometBFT (2/3+ validator agreement) |
| Base fee destination | Burned | Burned |
| Address format | 0x only | 0x + c8 (Bech32 alias) |
| Chain ID | Single integer | Dual: Cosmos string + EVM integer (2184) |
| Cross-chain | Bridge protocols | Native IBC |
| Max contract size | 24.576 KB (EIP-170) | EVM-compatible; confirm release-specific overrides against target ctmd |
| Precompiles | Standard Ethereum set | Standard + Cosmos modules + zk/PQ/Solana/VRF |
Smart Contracts
- All standard EVM opcodes are supported
- ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155 and other standards work identically
- Additional precompiled contracts provide access to Cosmos modules and advanced cryptographic primitives
- Pre-deployed contracts (Multicall3, Permit2, WETH9, Safe, etc.) are available at genesis
Transactions
- Supported types: Confirm the exact transaction-type matrix against the target
ctmdrelease before relying on newer Ethereum transaction types - Dual transaction types: Both Ethereum and Cosmos SDK transactions are supported
- Ethereum transactions are wrapped in
MsgEthereumTxfor Cosmos SDK processing - Transaction ordering is by effective tip (gas priority), same as Ethereum
Gas & Fees
- EIP-1559 fee market is fully supported
- Base fee is burned, unused gas refunds follow EVM/EIP-1559 behavior, and fee-market parameters are governed through the governance module. See Gas.
- Use
eth_estimateGasthrough the standard EVM RPC flow and verify provider behavior for production transactions
JSON-RPC
- Common
eth_*,web3_*, andnet_*methods are expected on Ethereum-compatible endpoints - Mining-related methods return stub values (CometBFT consensus, not PoW)
txpool_*methods require compatible node configuration- WebSocket endpoints are published; subscription limits are provider-dependent
Account Model
- Every account has dual representation:
0xhex andc8Bech32 - Both reference the same underlying account
- HD derivation path:
m/44'/60'/0'/0(Ethereum-compatible, coin type 60) - EIP-7702 Set Code is fully supported for EOA code delegation